Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Marketing Management - Essay Example Since opening its first store in Bugis Junction in Singapore, BreadTalk has greatly transformed the bread industry. In the recent past, Breadtalk has been focusing on events that aim at maximizing brand awareness. This has led to increased popularity of the company such that it was ranked as the best company in Bakery Category for Top Brand 2010 in Indonesia3. BreadTalk outlets are located in places that are easily accessible characterized by high pedestrian traffic flow. This acts as a marketing strategy since customers can purchase products as they walk by4. Additionally, most outlet are located close to public transport systems for instance bus terminals, Light Rail, and Mass Rapid Transit stations. Another product position strategy is locating some outlets near popular department stores and supermarkets5 Books , Hephaestus. Articles on Singaporean Cuisine, Including: Singapore Sling, Breadtalk, Bengawan Solo (Company), Koka Noodles, YA Kun Kaya Toast, Yeo Hiap Seng, Bee Cheng Hiang, Fragrance Foodstuff, Tee Yih Jia, Spring Home, Happy Belly, Master Chef. New York: Hephaestus Books,

Needs Analysis Greco Roman Wrestling Physical Education Essay

Needs Analysis Greco Roman Wrestling Physical Education Essay Introduction Greco-Roman wrestling is a style of wrestling that is practiced worldwide. Originating from Ancient Greece, it reappeared in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 and has been performed in every edition of the Olympic Games since then (1). Two wrestlers compete and are being evaluated by their performance in 3 two-minute periods, which can be terminated sooner by a pin. For this paper we are going to examine an elite 16 year old Greco-Roman wrestler who aims to improve lower body strength, lower body explosiveness, as wells as aerobic capacity to achieve satisfying values, compared to the median profile of an elite adolescent wrestler. Needs analysis Biomechanical analysis There is little biomechanical analysis on the sport of wrestling for the reason that it is a sport that involves every muscle group of the body, in their full range of motion. In wrestling due to the reason that athletes try to submit their opponents to the ground, fight against their opponents or keep balance so as to not to be thrown, their bodies can take every possible position to ensure that the opponent does not dominate (2). So specific motions do not are not a common phenomenon in a wrestling competition or training. Wrestling composes of whole body movements in full range of motion of the joints. All the muscles in the body are highly activated when wrestling intensively (3). All of the 3 types of contractions are often executed in wrestling, but there is a bigger amount of isometric contractions than other sports. Physiological analysis Wrestling is a demanding and complex sports field and an extremely dynamic activity, which requires high levels of anaerobic power, strength, agility and flexibility (4). Competitions are consisting of periods of maximal effort and maximum intensity anaerobic power, with submaximal effort periods between them. Studies indicate that the general physiological profile of elite wrestlers is: high anaerobic power and capacity, muscular strength, an above average aerobic power, flexibility, low fat percent values (typically 5-10% body fat) and a mesomorphic body type (5,6). Specifically for the needs of this paper detailed values are needed for maximum repetition values on bench press, squat and maximum oxygen consumption values. Norms for the selected tests The maximal oxygen uptake of Korean national and international wrestlers taking part in international competition has been shown to be about 53 to 56 (ml ·kg-1 ·min-1)(6). Those values are considered to be an acceptable profile of an elite wrestler. And have been used as a standard norm in many studies (7). The squat maximum repetition test (MR) has been used widely in wrestling for evaluation of lower body strength. In a study done in junior young students (16.05 ±1.09 years old) the Greco-Roman group that was tested in squat MR test had values of 101.94  ±23.83 kg (8). The international values, of weight lifted compared to bodyweight, for wrestling athletes is 1,79 kg*kg^-1 (7). Countermovement jump has been used extensively in the evaluation of lower extremity explosiveness. Lower-extremity muscular power can be important in a wrestling competition to lift an opponent or resist to a technique by the opponent (9). In wrestling, a study conducted U.S. Wrestling Team showed that Greco-Roman wrestlers had an average of 62.0 cm in vertical jump height after a countermovement phase (9). Injury prevention In the Greco-Roman style, athletes are not allowed to their opponents below the waist, while this is not so in the freestyle. However, in both types, the athletes must struggle extremely hard to dominate over the strength of their opponent and at the same time try to force and break their rivals defense once he is down on the mat. In this competition all parts of the body are involved in voluntary motions and involuntary motions in other times, which are focused at overpowering the resistance and strength of the opponent wrestler. During this process, bio-mechanical forces are affect both athletes, which in some occasions may induce undesirable consequences, including injury in different parts of the body (2). A research conducted on injured wrestlers, showed that the highest incidence of injuries were to the athletes skin (62%), followed by muscle (22%), bones (9%) and joints (7%), respectively (2). Focusing on the region of injury involvement, it was presented that 33.3% of the injuries occurred in the upper extremities. In another study carried out.in adolescent and preadolescent boys, the primary areas of injury were to the upper extremities (33%), and the neck and back (24%) (8). Those findings can be explained because in Greco-Roman style, most of the techniques are executed so as to bring the rival down and defeat him, use the trunk muscles. The results of such mechanical actions on the opponents body will be a crash fall on the mat, with the possibility of injurious involvement of the skin, followed by very high pressure to the trunk. Additionally, after the landing on the mat, additional pressure is put on the trunk by rubbing the body on the mat surface, which can cause to simultaneous injuries of the skin, neck and trunk, as well (2). Wrestling in general has its own risk of injury, as with any other type of sports. Nevertheless, the high occurrence of sports injuries in wrestling requires special attention and good preparation of the athletes and awareness and support by sports authorities, trainers and coaches (10). Proper strengthening of the muscles of the limbs and lower back is required prior high intensity training or competition to ensure durability of the tissue against forces and impacts. Tests There have been suggested numerous tests to evaluate the physical aspects relevant with wrestling (8). VO2max: Bruce Test is a test used for assessing Vo2max on treadmill (8). Work load is increased gradually by increasing speed and incline. The athlete eventually is exhausted and VO2max is estimated. Upper body strength: Maximum repetition test (RM) for bench press has been considered a valid method for evaluating a wrestlers upper body strength (8). Lying on the bench in a supine position, the subject holds the bear with overhand grip and with the hands approximately shoulder width apart. Lifting the bar from bench, he then pulls it down on the chest, and then extends the elbows fully, without locking them. For the warm up prior to the test the subject executes 5-10 reps with 30-40% of body weight and rest for 1 minute, then add 4-9 kg on the bar so that he can lift it in 3-5 reps and rest for two minutes, then keeps adding weight until he can lift the weight correctly just one time. Lower body strength: Maximum repetition test (RM) for squat has been considered a valid method for evaluating a wrestlers lower body strength. Using back squat test, the subject from a standing position, with feet shoulder width apart, goes under the squat device and puts the bar on his shoulders, and while keeping a straight back, sits 90 degrees and stands up. To prevent spine injuries, the spine can use a belt. For the warm up prior to the test the subject executes 5-10 reps with 30-40% of his body weight and rests for 1 minute, then performs squat adding 14-18 kg weight until he can lift it in 3-5 reps and rest for 2 minutes, then keeps adding weight until he can lift the weight correctly just one time. Leg explosiveness: Countermovement jump is a valid method to test a wrestlers lower extremity explosiveness (8). Instead of executing a countermovement jump with on a jump mat that automatically estimates the height jumped, a field test could alternate the lack of scientific equipment. A graded tape is attached to wall. With chalked fingertips, the subject stands in front of the wall with both arms extended overhead and with feet and chin touching the wall. The subject touches and marks the point where his fingertips touch the tape on the wall. For the jump, the subject jumps after executing a rapid squat so as to gain vertical momentum, and touches the tape at the highest point possible. The difference between pre and post jump touch marks is calculated as: VJ = maximal jump height initial reach height. An alternative method is for the subject to jump and push away vanes on an instrument, and the number of vanes pushed is assigned to a jump height. Hand grip strength: Perhaps the most common test conducted in the world of wrestling is the measurement of the strength of the hand grip by utilizing a hand dynamometer (4). The subject holds the dynamometer, with the arm extended and the elbow by the side of the body. Then the subject squeezes the dynamometer with maximum isometric effort, for about 5 seconds. No other movement is allowed. There should be strong encouragement to the subject to give a maximum effort. Selected Tests For the needs of this paper, the tests that evaluate lower-body explosiveness, lower-body strength and VO2max were selected. VO2max: Validity Bruce test is an sub-maximal protocol for the estimation of VO2max. Bruce et al reported Pearson product moment correlation coefficients (r) between predicted VO2max and measured VO2max of 0.94 for without cardiac conditions (n=292), 0.93 for women without cardiac conditions (n=509), and 0.87 for men with cardiac disease (n=153) (11). Reliability A comparison was carried out by Foster et al between predicted VO2max, and measured VO2max for the general equation and the population-specific equations (12). The average predicted error was -0.6 mL*kg^-1 * min^-1 for the general equation versus -2.0 mL*kg^-1 * min^-1 for the population-specific equations. The correlation between measured VO2max and predicted VO2max for the general equation was high (r=0.96), with a multiple correlation coefficient (R) of 0.98 and a standard error of the estimate (SEE) of 3.5 mL*kg^-1 * min^-1 (12). Squat test Validity Squat test has been used widely in athleticism for evaluating lower-extremity strength, and moreover, in numerous athletes of wrestling (8). Strength is the main characteristic in wrestling so evaluating and improving the strength is the main goal for many wrestling training protocols. Reliability Dong-il Seo after testing 15 males and 15 females on 1RM squat test, presented the following (13): males females total CV 0.345 0.53 ICC 0.992 0.973 0.994 Moreover McCurdy et al. and Tagesson and Kvist reported the reliability of 1RM testing on squat, and knee extension that each 1RM test was reliable (14,15). Countermovement jump: Validity The counter-movement jump is a performance test, which evaluates the power of the lower extremities (16). The counter-movement jump is has been used extensively in studies with plyometric sessions and in evaluation of sports that utilize the stretch-shortening cycle (16,17). Reliability The counter-movement jump, after reliability studying, has shown a high correlation coefficient with the explosive power factor (r = 0.87) (16). Along with squat jump it is the most reliable and valid field test for estimating the explosive power of the lower extremities.

Invaded By Immigrants Essay -- essays research papers fc

Invaded By Immigrants Canada being a relatively new country, as far as the history of the world goes was built by immigration. Every single resident of North America can trace his ancestry back to the cradle of life in Europe. Even Native Americans found their way to the new world over a frozen ice pack, spreading out across the land, weaving a rich culture and prospering. The Canada that we know today began only in the last 200 years. Settlers poured in from all over the world, tempted with free land and religious liberty Europeans settled in Canada by the thousands. They brought with them traditions and a legal system modeled after the English governments. Although is undeniable that Immigration made Canada into the strong nation that it is, I feel that Immigration as it is set up these days does not build our country but tears it down. The open gates policy implemented by our government leaves the Canadian social system wide open to be abused by would-be migrants in other countries. It is quite obvious that the system currently running is quite imperfect. This paper will attempt to show flaws in Canada's immigration policy and suggest new policy's which fit better with Canada's social landscape. All over the world populations are growing at tremendous rates. Nothing in this world happens by accident, the populations are moving because they expect an increase in quality of life in the new country. Country's all over the world view Canada as a great place to live, the United Nations bills Canada as the best place to live. When third world people look at their present situations, they think that they could instantly improve their surroundings by moving to Canada. By pure logic it would seem like madness to open Canada's doors wide open to any immigrant which wishes to come to Canada. We would be swamped! But that is precisely what Canada has done. There is no end in sight. With a growing world population more and more people will see Canada as the premier place to live and will come flocking to our gates. Many Canadian's do not agree with the current immigration policy our the idea that we should let even more immigrants in. Many issues need to be debated and settled such as should we allow further immigration into Canada, to what degree should immigrants segregate ... ...with the worlds poor, we have created a system which makes money and we cannot let immigration get in the way of the welfare of Canada's citizens. If a potential immigrant can show convincingly that he can bring a meaningful contribution to our country's welfare he is welcomed, but the practice of letting immense amounts of immigrants must be brought to a halt. Bibliography 1. Curran, Thomas; Xenophobia And Immigration. Boston: Twayne, 1975. 2. Globerman, Steven; Immigration Delemma. Vancouver: Fraser, 1992. 3. Hawkins, Freda; Canada and Immigration. Montreal: McGill, 1970. 4. Knowles, Valerie; Strangers at Our Gates. Toronto: Dundurn,1992. 5. Malarek, Victor; Haven's Gate. Toronto: Macmillan, 1987. 6. Munro, Iain; Immigration. Toronto: Wiley, 1941. 7. Norris, John; Strangers Entertained. Vancouver: Evergreen, 1971. 8. Sharma, Satya; Immigrants and Refugees In Canada. Saskatchewan; University, 1991. 9. Sillars, Les. "Something Stinks In Immigration." Alberta Report, August 12, 1996, pp. 12. 10. Stoffman, Daniel. "Canada's Farcical Refugee System." Readers Digest, Sept. 1995, pp. 53-57. 11. Taylor, Rupert; Canada and the World. Waterloo; Ebsco, 1994. Invaded By Immigrants Essay -- essays research papers fc Invaded By Immigrants Canada being a relatively new country, as far as the history of the world goes was built by immigration. Every single resident of North America can trace his ancestry back to the cradle of life in Europe. Even Native Americans found their way to the new world over a frozen ice pack, spreading out across the land, weaving a rich culture and prospering. The Canada that we know today began only in the last 200 years. Settlers poured in from all over the world, tempted with free land and religious liberty Europeans settled in Canada by the thousands. They brought with them traditions and a legal system modeled after the English governments. Although is undeniable that Immigration made Canada into the strong nation that it is, I feel that Immigration as it is set up these days does not build our country but tears it down. The open gates policy implemented by our government leaves the Canadian social system wide open to be abused by would-be migrants in other countries. It is quite obvious that the system currently running is quite imperfect. This paper will attempt to show flaws in Canada's immigration policy and suggest new policy's which fit better with Canada's social landscape. All over the world populations are growing at tremendous rates. Nothing in this world happens by accident, the populations are moving because they expect an increase in quality of life in the new country. Country's all over the world view Canada as a great place to live, the United Nations bills Canada as the best place to live. When third world people look at their present situations, they think that they could instantly improve their surroundings by moving to Canada. By pure logic it would seem like madness to open Canada's doors wide open to any immigrant which wishes to come to Canada. We would be swamped! But that is precisely what Canada has done. There is no end in sight. With a growing world population more and more people will see Canada as the premier place to live and will come flocking to our gates. Many Canadian's do not agree with the current immigration policy our the idea that we should let even more immigrants in. Many issues need to be debated and settled such as should we allow further immigration into Canada, to what degree should immigrants segregate ... ...with the worlds poor, we have created a system which makes money and we cannot let immigration get in the way of the welfare of Canada's citizens. If a potential immigrant can show convincingly that he can bring a meaningful contribution to our country's welfare he is welcomed, but the practice of letting immense amounts of immigrants must be brought to a halt. Bibliography 1. Curran, Thomas; Xenophobia And Immigration. Boston: Twayne, 1975. 2. Globerman, Steven; Immigration Delemma. Vancouver: Fraser, 1992. 3. Hawkins, Freda; Canada and Immigration. Montreal: McGill, 1970. 4. Knowles, Valerie; Strangers at Our Gates. Toronto: Dundurn,1992. 5. Malarek, Victor; Haven's Gate. Toronto: Macmillan, 1987. 6. Munro, Iain; Immigration. Toronto: Wiley, 1941. 7. Norris, John; Strangers Entertained. Vancouver: Evergreen, 1971. 8. Sharma, Satya; Immigrants and Refugees In Canada. Saskatchewan; University, 1991. 9. Sillars, Les. "Something Stinks In Immigration." Alberta Report, August 12, 1996, pp. 12. 10. Stoffman, Daniel. "Canada's Farcical Refugee System." Readers Digest, Sept. 1995, pp. 53-57. 11. Taylor, Rupert; Canada and the World. Waterloo; Ebsco, 1994.

Japanese Comfort Women Essay

It is estimated that between one and two hundred thousand female sex slaves were forced to deliver sexual services to Japanese soldiers, both before and during World War II. These women were known as comfort women and the Imperial Conference, which was composed of the emperor, representatives from the armed forces and the main Cabinet ministers, approved their use by Japanese soldiers. Walkom) The term â€Å"comfort women† refers to the victims of a â€Å"premeditated systematic plan originated and implemented by the government of Japan to enslave women considered inferior and subject them to repeated mass rapes,† said Michael D. Hausefeld, one of over 35 lawyers in his firm representing the former sexual prisoners in a class action lawsuit currently pending against the Japanese government. (Eddy) Since ancient times, prostitutes in Japan chose to sell their bodies either for family, poverty, or for saving her husband and her children. More or less, their sacrifices were seen as positive. But, being forced to become comfort woman by Japanese is seen as negative. The difference between the Japanese prostitutes and comfort women is that the comfort women did not choose to be trapped as a sex slave and they were not paid for what they did. In 1931, when the Japanese army invaded Manchuria, â€Å"comfort houses† made their first appearances. These comfort houses were created to provide the Japanese soldiers with outlets for their sexual needs. In the beginning, there were only a few comfort houses but after the Nanjin Massacre occurred in 1937, many more were added, basically to every place that the Japanese were stationed. (Walkom) After the Japanese soldiers slaughtered thousands of Chinese people in the Nanjin Massacre, they barbarically raped an insurmountable number of women. As a result, anti-Japanese sentiments grew and it became harder to fully occupy these lands. The government set up comfort houses to decrease disorder and give the approximately two million soldiers a place to satisfy their sexual needs. The Japanese did not have enough prostitutes to supply the needs of the soldiers so they commissioned civilians to develop comfort houses. At the time, only a small percentage of Japanese women were mobilized to â€Å"work† in comfort houses and they were all prostitutes to begin with. The majority of the comfort women were actually Korean women, who were forcibly taken from Korea to service the needs of the Japanese soldiers. After the war, the Japanese government destroyed all evidence of their involvement in Japanese comfort houses, enforcing that commercial businessmen were responsible for the movement of women. Many of the comfort women were kidnapped or deceived into voluntarily working in comfort houses. Once they were there, they were trapped and forced into prostitution. Some women reported that Japanese agents offered them good jobs or education. Others were told that each family in the village had to donate a daughter to the war effort. Many others were offered food, shelter and factory jobs. The Japanese also kidnapped young, unmarried girls when they had a shortage of comfort women. The ages of the girls in the comfort houses ranged from 15 to 19, with the minority exception of some younger girls and some older, married women. The girls were transported between military bases like cargo, under heavy guard in army trucks, trains, ship and bus. They were forced to lose their virginity before arriving at the bases to prepare them for having sexual intercourse with tens of soldiers every day. Many women contemplated death after this, as they believed their virginity to be more precious than life. (Henson) When living in the comfort houses, the comfort women lived in fear and desperation. They were unable to leave, as they were heavily guarded. Each day, they were penetrated by as many as 50 soldiers, until they were sore and bloated to the point of not being able to open their legs. If they were infected with a sexually transmitted disease, they received injections known as Injection 606. If infected enough times, they lost their fertility. In Japan, infected women were killed. Their food was mixed with cyanide, their bodies taken to a cave and finally, the cave was blown up with a grenade. The comfort houses made money off these women and it is believed that the Japanese government paid them, as most of the soldiers paid by coupons. As soon as the war was finished, the Japanese Imperialist guards disappeared without trace. Most comfort women describe the experience this way, † Suddenly, the soldiers came no more, and upon asking we found that the war had ended. † In other regions, as the Japanese committed â€Å"harikari†, the women were forced to do the same. In extreme cases, the women were put in a cave and blown up. After the war, many of the comfort women were too sick to be moved and were taken under the care of the American army. Most of the women were left with no place to go, as they were in a strange country with no money, and were too humiliated to go home. According to one comfort woman, † my body’s wasted, therefore I do not dare go home in fear of being ignored and looked down upon. † Even after the war ended, the comfort women were not free. Their guilty minds and inferiority complexes kept them from returning home and they stayed in foreign countries. The small amount that married, were often forced to separate after the fact that they were comfort women was known, or they were divorced because they could not have children. The victims are still suffering the pain physically and psychologically. More than half of them could not get pregnant, and most of them have chronicle diseases. Furthermore, the psychological impact on these women made them felt themselves dirty, ashamed that they disgraced themselves and isolated themselves from others. They are either afraid of getting married, or unable to ask for any commitment from their lovers. For those who got married, their marriage was unstable and unhappy due to their past. Some thought that they must have done something evil in their previous life that they have to be punished in this life. (Hicks) They go to tempos to chant sutras, to confess, to pursue liberation, and they even commit suicide. Although the period of time they spent at the Japanese military base was a small part of their life, what they had experienced caused an incurable impact on their health, marriage, mind, and social adaptation. Although the Japanese government continues to deny or minimize their involvement with comfort women, their defense is unraveling. A conference on â€Å"Japanese Crimes Against Humanity: Sexual Slavery and Forced Labor† was held last year, in which Japanese researchers delivered papers which claimed that the Japanese military, the rest of the government, and Japanese industry were all involved in the decision to provide sex slaves for the country’s soldiers. (Chunghee) Japanese historian Hirofumi Hayashi said: â€Å"The establishment and development of the military ‘comfort women’ system†¦ as not only carried out by the total involvement of every section of the military but also by administrative machinery at every level of the Japanese state†¦ In addition, we should not overlook that Japanese companies were their accomplices. † (Chunghee) Researchers from the Center for Research and Documentation of Japan’s War Responsibilities in Yo kohama showed that Japanese rubber companies were under government contract to supply 20 million condoms a year to armed forces once the decision had been made to provide sex slaves to the soldiers. Rumiko Nishino wrote that â€Å"high-ranking adjutants† commissioned by Cabinet and sub-Cabinet-level government officials implemented the distribution of the condoms. The availability of condoms to the general population became â€Å"almost nil. † (Chunghee) Last year, the Japanese appeals court overturned an earlier ruling that orders the government to compensate women who were forced to serve as sex slaves during World War II. Both sides had appealed that ruling. The plaintiffs because they thought the compensation was too small, and the government because they refused to pay. Duke) In deciding in favor of the government, the Hiroshima High Court said abducting women to use them as forced laborers and sex slaves was not a serious constitutional violation. Tokyo has admitted that its wartime army had set up brothels, and forced thousands of Koreans, Filipinos, Dutch and Chinese to serve as prostitutes, but it has refused to compensate these victims. Historians say as many as 200,000 women were forced into sexual slavery during World War II.

Assets, liabilities, equity Essay

Accounting, per se, is based on five types of accounts namely: assets, liabilities, equity, income and expense. These account types belong either of the Balance sheet accounts or Income and Expense accounts. Assets, liabiliites, and equity fall under the balance sheet account and the rest goes to the income and expense accoutnts. Definining each, asset is composed of a group of things that an individual or an entity owns. These includes tangible items like car, cash or often stocks (intangible) and others that possess convertible values. On the other hand, liabilities are group of things on which an individual or an entity is indebted to. Loans and mortgages are the common examples of liabilities. Equity, is what we also call net worth – an amount that is represented to be the remainder after deducting the liabilities of an individual’s or an entity’s from its group of assets. Meanwhile, income is the same as profit – something that you earn as payment from the time, services, or goods that you offered in exchange of money. Expenses include all those monetaries that were used to acquire the goods or services of someone else. Amongst various accounts in an entity, the stocks swap and replacement costs are the fundamental accounts that change when an entity assimilates to a corporate merger. Stock swap is frequently used in the accounts of a corporate merger since it does not prohibit the shareholders of merging companies to distribute among them the risk that is involved in the merging transaction. Replacement cost, on the other hand is comes in when entities will employ cost in replacing that target company. However, replacment cost can only be true in most cases where an industry does not give services. References Investopedia ULC (2008) Mergers and Acquisitions: Introduction. Retrieved November 17, 2008, from http://www. investopedia. com/university/mergers/default. asp Money Instructor (2005) Basic Accounting Terminology 101. Retrieved November 17, 2008, from http://www. moneyinstructor. com/art/basicaccounting. asp